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Cultural anthropology

Cultural anthropology is that major division of anthropology that explains culture in its many aspects. It is anchored in the collection, analysis, and explanation (or interpretation) of the primary data of extended ethnographic field research. This discipline, both in America and in Europe, has long cast a wide net and includes various approaches. It has produced such collateral approaches as culture-and-personality studies, culture history, cultural ecology, cultural materialism, ethnohistory, and historical anthropology. These subdisciplines variously exploit methods from the sciences and the humanities. Cultural anthropology has become a family of approaches oriented by the cultural concept.

Thursday, Jun 3, 2021

In archeological excavations 250 km south of Baghdad extraction pots (Figure 1.1 ) from about 3500 BC were found [1] , made from a hard, sandy material presumably air - dried brick earth. It is supposed that in the circular channel was the solid feed, which was extracted by a Soxhlet - like procedure with water or oil. The solvent vapors were condensed at the cap, possibly cooled by wet rags. The condensate then did the leaching and was fed back through holes in the channel to the bottom.

Thursday, May 27, 2021

Properties and Uses of Bar Magnet

A bar magnet has properties similar to any permanent magnet. It has a north pole and a south pole at two ends. Even if you break a bar magnet from the middle, both the pieces will still have a north pole and a south pole, no matter how many pieces you break it in. The magnetic force of it is the strongest at the pole. If this magnet is suspended freely in the air with a thread, it will not come to rest until the poles are aligned in a north-south position. A Mariner’s Compass uses this property to determine direction. If two bar magnets are placed close to each other, their unlike poles will attract and like poles will repel each other. A bar magnet will attract all ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. Uses of Bar Magnet Bar magnets are used as stirrers in laboratory for magnetic experiments. They also find applications in medical procedures. Electronic devices such as telephones, radios, and television sets use magnets. Many industries use bar magnets for the collection of loose metals and also for retaining magnetism of other magnets.

Thursday, May 27, 2021

Functional genomics and the biosynthesis of artemisinin

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide derived from the glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) of Artemisia annua, provides the basis for the most effective treatments of malaria. The biology and biochemistry of GSTs of the Asteraceae and their biosynthesis of isoprenoids is reviewed. Recent efforts to understand the biosynthesis of artemisinin in A. annua GSTs are discussed in detail. This includes the development in the authors’ laboratory of an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach to identifying the relevant biosynthetic genes using isolated GST as a source of mRNA. This has lead to the isolation of a cDNA encoding CYP71AV1, a multifunctional cytochrome P450 which catalyzes multiple oxidations of the sesquiterpene intermediate amorpha-4,11-diene to artemisinic acid. Further biochemical and molecular genetic work is required to elucidate the precise route from artemisinic alcohol to artemisinin and to engineer more efficient low cost production of artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs.

Thursday, May 27, 2021

WATER, ENERGY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Natural Plant Products: A Less Focused Aspect for the COVID-19 Viral Outbreak

The sudden emergence of COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus (nCoV) led the entire world to search for relevant solutions to fight the pandemic. Although continuous trials are being conducted to develop precise vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, a potential remedy is yet to be developed. Plants have largely contributed to the treatment of several human diseases and different phytoconstituents have been previously described to impede the replication of numerous viruses. Despite the previous positive reports of plant-based medications, no successful clinical trials of phyto-anti-COVID drugs could be conducted to date. In this article, we discuss varying perspectives on why phyto-anti-viral drug clinical trials were not successful in the case of COVID-19. The issue has been discussed in light of the usage of plant-based therapeutics in previous coronavirus outbreaks. Through this article, we aim to identify the disadvantages in this research area and suggest some measures to ensure that phytoconstituents can efficiently contribute to future random viral outbreaks. It is emphasized that if used strategically phyto-inhibitors with pre-established clinical data for other diseases can save the time required for long clinical trials. The scientific community should competently tap into phytoconstituents and take their research up to the final stage of clinical trials so that potential phyto-anti-COVID drugs can be developed.

Tuesday, May 25, 2021

AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS

Importance and Key Points Of Crop Production and Management

Agriculture is intertwined with many other processes such as - cultivation, preparation of soil, sowing, irrigation, and so on. A farmer is involved in all these processes. He prepares the soil, sows the seeds, adds manure, irrigates, and harvests. the production and management of crops is an important aspect to ensure optimal productivity in the fields. The major agricultural practices involved in crop production and management are listed below: The soil is loosened and tilted before the seeds are sown The entire world depends on agriculture for its food. Therefore, it is very important to produce and store the harvested crops carefully. The soil should be loosened and aerated properly during crop production. Manures and fertilizers need to be added carefully. Too much fertilizer damages the soil while too little makes the crop deficient in nutrients. The crops should be irrigated periodically. The unwanted plants should be removed from the cultivated fields. These plants absorb the nutrients provided to the crop and obstruct their growth and development. The matured crops are harvested mechanically or manually. The harvested grains are dried and stored to protect them from pests and pathogens.Agriculture provides employment either in crops and livestock productions thus improving the family's standard of living and reducing poverty level.

Wednesday, May 19, 2021

AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS