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  • Agile knowlege
    Process improvement is continuous improvement. We can never reach perfection. In this tutorial, we will learn CMM that is a continuously evolving and improving model where the focus is always on doing better. Our reach should always exceed our grasp. What is CMM? CMM stands for Capability Maturity Model. Focuses on elements of essential practices and processes from various bodies of knowledge. Describes common sense, efficient, proven ways of doing business (which you should already be doing) − not a radical new approach. CMM is a method to evaluate and measure the maturity of the software development process of an organization. CMM measures the maturity of the software development process on a scale of 1 to 5. CMM v1.0 was developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, USA. CMM was originally developed for Software Development and Maintenance but later it was developed for − Systems Engineering Supplier Sourcing Integrated Product and Process Development People CMM Software Acquisition CMM Examples People CMM − Develop, motivate and retain project talent. Software CMM − Enhance a software focused development and maintenance capability. What is Maturity? Definitions vary but mature processes are generally thought to be − Well-defined, Repeatable, Measured, Analyzed, Improved, and Effective. Poor but mature processes are just as bad as no maturity at all! CMM helps to solve the maturity problem by defining a set of practices and providing a general framework for improving them. The focus of CMM is on identifying key process areas and the exemplary practices that may comprise a disciplined software process. Immature vs Mature Organization An immature organization would have the following characteristics − Process improvised during project Approved processes being ignored Reactive, not proactive Unrealistic budget and schedule Quality sacrificed for schedule No objective measure of quality In contrast, the characteristics of a mature organization are as follows − Inter-group communication and coordination Work accomplished according to plan Practices consistent with processes Processes updated as necessary Well-defined roles/responsibilities Management formally commits What is CMMI? CMM Integration project was formed to sort out the problem of using multiple CMMs. CMMI product team's mission was to combine three Source Models into a single improvement framework for the organizations pursuing enterprise-wide process improvement. These three Source Models are − Capability Maturity Model for Software (SW-CMM) - v2.0 Draft C. Electronic Industries Alliance Interim Standard (EIA/IS) - 731 Systems Engineering. Integrated Product Development Capability Maturity Model (IPD-CMM) v0.98. CMM Integration Builds an initial set of integrated models. Improves best practices from source models based on lessons learned. Establishes a framework to enable integration of future models. Difference between CMM and CMMI CMM is a reference model of matured practices in a specified discipline like Systems Engineering CMM, Software CMM, People CMM, Software Acquisition CMM etc., but they were difficult to integrate as and when needed. CMMI is the successor of the CMM and evolved as a more matured set of guidelines and was built combining the best components of individual disciplines of CMM(Software CMM, People CMM, etc.). It can be applied to product manufacturing, people management, software development, etc. CMM describes about the software engineering alone where as CMM Integrated describes both software and system engineering. CMMI also incorporates the Integrated Process and Product Development and the supplier sourcing. CMMI and Business Objectives The objectives of CMMI are very obvious. They are as follows − Produce quality products or services − The process-improvement concept in CMMI models evolved out of the Deming, Juran, and Crosby quality paradigm: Quality products are a result of quality processes. CMMI has a strong focus on quality-related activities including requirements management, quality assurance, verification, and validation. Create value for the stockholders − Mature organizations are more likely to make better cost and revenue estimates than those with less maturity, and then perform in line with those estimates. CMMI supports quality products, predictable schedules, and effective measurement to support the management in making accurate and defensible forecasts. This process maturity can guard against project performance problems that could weaken the value of the organization in the eyes of investors. Enhance customer satisfaction − Meeting cost and schedule targets with highquality products that are validated against customer needs is a good formula for customer satisfaction. CMMI addresses all of these ingredients through its emphasis on planning, monitoring, and measuring, and the improved predictability that comes with more capable processes. Increase market share − Market share is a result of many factors, including quality products and services, name identification, pricing, and image. Customers like to deal with suppliers who have a reputation for meeting their commitments. Gain an industry-wide recognition for excellence − The best way to develop a reputation for excellence is to consistently perform well on projects, delivering quality products and services within cost and schedule parameters. Having processes that conform to CMMI requirements can enhance that reputation.
    By: Vijaya Super admin
    Wednesday, Dec 22, 2021
    CULTURE AND SOCIETY
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  • Children and adolescents
    Children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience significant deficits in academic and/or social functioning that typically begin early in life and extend into emerging adulthood and beyond (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; DuPaul & Langberg, 2015). Symptomatic behaviors of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity disrupt development of self-regulation skills; negatively impact academic performance and achievement; are associated with higher than average risk for special education eligibility, grade retention, and school-dropout; and lead to problematic relationships with peers and authority figures (e.g., parents, teachers) (Barkley, Murphy, & Fischer, 2008; Frazier, Youngstrom, Glutting, & Watkins, 2007; Hechtman, 2017; Mikami, 2010; Normand et al., 2013). Given the relatively high prevalence rate of 8 to 11% for ADHD (Danielson et al., 2018), this disorder is very costly in terms of health care and educational expenditures (Chorozoglou et al., 2015; Robb et al., 2011). Thus, it is critically important that effective interventions are implemented across home, school, and community settings to not only reduce ADHD symptoms but also attenuate potentially chronic functional impairments.
    By: rupali
    Tuesday, May 3, 2022
    CULTURE AND SOCIETY

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  • Aquaculture: The cultivation of aquatic organisms (such as fish or shellfish) especially for food.
    Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. lotus). Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled or semi-natural conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture, commonly known as marine farming, refers specifically to aquaculture practiced in seawater habitats, opposed to in freshwater aquaculture. India's aquaculture production basically can be classified into freshwater and brackish water production. There are 429 Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDA) and 39 Brackish water Fish Farmers Development Agencies (BFDAs) for promoting freshwater and coastal aquaculture. Coastal Aquaculture has been recognized as an important tool for employment generation and a vital source of food supply for meeting the food security and nutritional requirements of our growing population.Aquaculture is a method used to produce food and other commercial products, restore habitat and replenish wild stocks, and rebuild populations of threatened and endangered species. There are two main types of aquaculture—1. marine 2. freshwater.
    By: rupali
    Wednesday, Sep 22, 2021
    AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
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  • Agriculture
    In natural selection, those variations in the genotype (the entire complex of genes inherited from both parents) that increase an organism’s chances of survival and procreation are preserved and multiplied from generation to generation at the expense of less advantageous variations. Evolution often occurs as a consequence of this process.
    By: rupali
    Tuesday, Sep 28, 2021
    EDUCATION

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  • Neutron capture
    It is believed that these heavier elements, and some isotopes of lighter elements, have been produced by successive capture of neutrons. Two processes of neutron capture may be distinguished: the r -process, rapid neutron capture; and the s -process, slow neutron capture. If neutrons are added to a stable nucleus, it is not long before the product nucleus becomes unstable and the neutron is converted into a proton. Outside a nucleus, a neutron decays into a proton and an electron by a process called beta decay (β-decay). Inside a nucleus it can be stable if the nucleus does not contain too many neutrons. In slow neutron capture, neutrons are added at a rate such that whenever an unstable nucleus is formed, it beta-decays before another neutron can be added. If neutrons can be added more rapidly, as in the r -process, the unstable nuclei formed cannot decay before additional neutrons are added until a nucleus is eventually produced that will not accept a further neutron. This nucleus, however, will eventually be subject to beta decay, thus permitting further neutron capture.
    By: rupali
    Tuesday, Aug 10, 2021
    AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
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  • Solar System
    The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest are the eight planets, with the remainder being smaller objects, the dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly—the natural satellites—two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.   One of Billions. Our solar system is made up of a star, eight planets and countless smaller bodies … Meet Me in the Orion Arm. Our solar system orbits the center of the Milky Way Galaxy at about … A Long Way Round. It takes our solar system about 230 million years to complete one orbit around … Spiraling Through Space. There are three general kinds of galaxies: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
    By: rupali
    Friday, Jul 23, 2021
    CULTURE AND SOCIETY
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  • Computer Games:
    Computer Games: Computer games increase opportunities for responding and activeengagement and provide immediate feedback about accuracy. In addition, manystudents with ADHD find computer learning games highly reinforcing. Student-Created Reviews Students can create ways of reviewing previously taught content. For example, they may create  questions and answers for a card game such as Go Fish or Concentration. Frequent Redirection: Learning partners can be assigned to help each other stay ontask. Transition Buddies: Transition buddies are helpful for students with ADHD whohave trouble refocusing their attention as they transition from one academic lesson tothe next. Further, verbal or nonverbal teacher cues signaling upcoming transitionshelp prepare students for changes in activities or lessons. Seating Arrangements: Seat the student with ADHD away from distractions and close tothe teaching action.
    By: Hasha
    Thursday, Jun 10, 2021
    CULTURE AND SOCIETY
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  • ADHD Students and Classroom Considerations
    https://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/documents/packets/adhd.pdf The culture of the classroom can either support or create barriers to student success (Piffner,2011).    Factors that foster attention, positive behavior, and academic and social success includeestablishing positive relationships with students, adopting classroom management techniques,and creating a physical arrangement that facilitates learning. It is often a positive relationship with one teacher that facilitates school success for a studentwith ADHD (Piffner, 2011).    When teachers connect with students and appreciate their unique skills and interests, students are more likely to strive for achievement and positively respond to classroom rules and procedures. When using a proactive approach to classroom management, teachers support all students andcreate conditions that prepare them for learning (Piffner, 2011).    Some strategies for positive management include clear directions, meaningful feedback, and opportunities for collaboration with peers. Here are some others.   Opportunities to RespondStudents with ADHD often have the most trouble attending during drill-and-practice assignments because of the repetitive nature of the tasks. Peer-mediated approaches such as those enumerated in the next screens are particularly effective for students with ADHD in such cases, because they increase students’ opportunities for engagement and active learning (Piffner, 2011).    In creating peer-mediated activities, the teacher may need to choose students whoseskill levels complement each other. Students with and without attention difficulties andimpulsivity should be considered for peer partnerships.   Peer TutoringPeer tutoring is one of the more effective strategies for students with ADHD, because it provides many of the same supports as one-to-one instruction. It facilitates the acquisition of both academic and social skills.    Peer tutoring is most effective when training is provided to participating students (Piffner, 2011). Tutors need to be taught how to be prepared with materials needed for the session and howto give positive and corrective feedback to their partner (Greenwood & Delquadri,1995).   Cooperative LearningCarefully structured cooperative learning groups in which each student is assigned a role and has clear expectations for desired outcomes are very helpful for students with ADHD. The more structured the cooperative activity, the more likely it is that these students will succeed.Sharing Strategies Think, Pair, Share/Square Share/Group Share: Using thisapproach, students work with peer partners to discuss the lesson, check each other’swork, and share strategies.
    By: Anne miller chinthana
    Thursday, Jun 10, 2021
    AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
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  • ADHD and School interventions
    https://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/documents/packets/adhd.pdf School interventions should include a team approach across multiple settings, consisting of bothpreventive and intervention strategies.    Interventions must be based upon assessment data that includes information about the student’s strengths and needs as well as the environmental conditions in which her characteristics of ADHD occur.    Progress monitoring and strategy adjustments are critical to the success of any intervention plan (Wolraich & DuPaul, 2010).   The first step in creating classroom supports for students with ADHD is understanding thestudents’ strengths and needs. This involves formal and informal assessment, as well ascollaboration among educational professionals and the students’ families.    If a student is not responsive to behavioral strategies and interventions, more intensive interventions, such as functional behavior assessment and behavior intervention plans, should be considered (see Practical FBA).    No one intervention is universally effective for all students with ADHD. A combination of research-based and promising practices is recommended.    Here are several of these practices: Giving DirectionsMany students with ADHD have trouble following directions. Here are some guidelines that might help address this problem. Number of Directions: Give a minimal number of directions or steps at a time.If necessary, have students repeat the directions to the teacher or a peer partner. Form of Directions: Provide written directions or steps, or a visual model of acompleted project. Teach students how to refer to these items as reminders ofprocess steps to complete tasks. This strategy is particularly helpful for long-termprojects. Written AssignmentsMany students with ADHD have particular challenges with written work due to finemotorskills difficulties, motor planning issues, and difficulty alternating their attentionfrom a book to their written responses.    Students with ADHD may also need assistance breaking a larger task or project into smaller, more workable units. The following strategies can be used to address these needs.
    By: Scott Henderson
    Wednesday, Jun 9, 2021
    CULTURE AND SOCIETY

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  • Sri Lanka - Agriculture
    Agriculture is the most important sector of the Sri Lankan economy. Even though its contribution to the gross domestic product declined substantially during the past 3 decades (from 30 percent in 1970 to 21 percent in 2000), it is the most important source of employment for the majority of the Sri Lankan workforce. Approximately 38 percent of the total labor force was engaged in agriculture in 1999. In the subsistence sector, rice is the main crop and farming rice is the most important economic activity for the majority of the people living in rural areas. During the last 5 decades the rice sector grew rapidly and output more than tripled, reaching the highest ever output of 2.9 million metric tons in 1999. Increases in the area under cultivation, and improved productivity due to the modernization of agriculture are the main reasons for an increase in production. The rehabilitation of Sri Lanka's extensive ancient irrigation network and massive new investment in construction and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure led to a large increase in the area under rice cultivation. Between 1960-2000, the area used to grow rice increased 6 times to 546,249 hectares. The modernization of farming methods, such as the use of high-yielding seeds, tractors, and chemical fertilizers also led to increased productivity in the rice sector. Between 1960-1999, rice yield per hectare doubled from 1,877 kilograms to 3,672 kilograms. In addition to rice, various other food crops are produced for local consumption. They include yams, pulses, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Most of these crops are cultivated in family gardens, except for potatoes and sugar. Sugar cane is cultivated in the dry zone, and Sri Lanka produces only 15 percent of what it consumes domestically.Read more: https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Sri-Lanka-AGRICULTURE.html#ixzz6vrxdyz7V
    By: Anne miller chinthana
    Thursday, May 27, 2021
    AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS

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  • Importance and Key Points Of Crop Production and Management
    Agriculture is intertwined with many other processes such as - cultivation, preparation of soil, sowing, irrigation, and so on. A farmer is involved in all these processes. He prepares the soil, sows the seeds, adds manure, irrigates, and harvests. the production and management of crops is an important aspect to ensure optimal productivity in the fields. The major agricultural practices involved in crop production and management are listed below: The soil is loosened and tilted before the seeds are sown The entire world depends on agriculture for its food. Therefore, it is very important to produce and store the harvested crops carefully. The soil should be loosened and aerated properly during crop production. Manures and fertilizers need to be added carefully. Too much fertilizer damages the soil while too little makes the crop deficient in nutrients. The crops should be irrigated periodically. The unwanted plants should be removed from the cultivated fields. These plants absorb the nutrients provided to the crop and obstruct their growth and development. The matured crops are harvested mechanically or manually. The harvested grains are dried and stored to protect them from pests and pathogens.Agriculture provides employment either in crops and livestock productions thus improving the family's standard of living and reducing poverty level.
    By: rupali
    Wednesday, May 19, 2021
    AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
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  • Agriculture
    Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets. Agriculture provides most of the world’s food and fabrics. Cotton, wool, and leather are all agricultural products. Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is unquestionably the largest livelihood provider in India, more so in the vast rural areas. It also contributes a significant figure to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Sustainable agriculture, in terms of food security, rural employment, and environmentally sustainable technologies such as soil conservation, sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity protection, are essential for holistic rural development. Indian agriculture and allied activities have witnessed a green revolution, a white revolution, a yellow revolution and a blue revolution.This section provides the information on agriculture produces; machineries, research etc. Detailed information on the government policies, schemes, agriculture loans, market prices, animal husbandry, fisheries, horticulture, loans & credit, sericulture etc. is also available. Agriculture is the science, art and practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculturebegan thousands of years ago. After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago. Pigs, sheep, and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago
    By: rupali
    Wednesday, May 19, 2021
    AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
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